Income Tax Calculator
Your complete federal and state income tax calculator for 2025. Enter your income once — see your take-home pay for every state in the country, side by side. Whether you are comparing states before a move, planning retirement income, or simply verifying your withholding is right, this is the one tool that covers the entire United States tax picture at once.
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How Federal and State Income Taxes Work Together in 2025
Most Americans pay income tax to two separate authorities simultaneously — the federal government and their state government — and the calculations for each are completely independent. The federal income tax, enacted in 1913 following ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, uses a progressive bracket system where each additional dollar of income is taxed at a higher rate as total income rises. The 2025 federal system has seven brackets ranging from 10% at the bottom to 37% at the top, with thresholds adjusted annually for inflation. States added their own income taxes over the following decades — Mississippi was actually the first state to enact an income tax, in 1912 — and today 41 states plus the District of Columbia levy some form of individual income tax, while 9 states impose no tax on wages at all.
The interaction between federal and state systems is not additive in a simple sense. Most states begin their calculation from your federal adjusted gross income — the number at the bottom of the first page of your federal Form 1040, before you subtract the standard deduction. From that starting point, states apply their own deductions, exemptions, and brackets. Some states conform closely to the federal tax code, accepting the same income definitions and adjusting primarily on rates and brackets. Others diverge substantially: California uses its own standard deduction ($5,202 for single filers vs. the federal $15,750), while West Virginia offers no standard deduction at all. Connecticut uses a phased personal exemption instead of a standard deduction. These structural differences mean that the “effective state rate” for a given income level varies far more than headline bracket comparisons suggest.
What the no-income-tax states actually mean: The nine states without a broad wage income tax — Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming — replace that revenue source with other mechanisms. Texas and Washington rely heavily on sales taxes. Nevada funds government primarily through gaming revenue. Alaska uses oil royalties and revenue. New Hampshire has relatively high property taxes. The trade-off is real: residents in these states often pay more in property tax, sales tax, or other levies than residents of comparable income-tax states. For high-income earners, especially those whose income skews toward wages rather than consumption, the no-income-tax states tend to be genuinely favorable from a total tax perspective. For lower-income households with higher relative consumption expenditure, the advantage is smaller and sometimes negative.
How to use this calculator most effectively: This main calculator gives you a comprehensive federal plus state picture and the all-50-states comparison at your income level. For deeper analysis of a specific state — including retirement income exclusions, local taxes, military exemptions, pension deductions, and state-specific credits — use the dedicated state calculators linked in the directory below. Each state calculator covers that state’s complete tax code, including the nuances that this aggregate tool necessarily simplifies.
Dedicated State Income Tax Calculators — Complete Directory
Each state calculator below covers that state’s complete 2025 tax code, including retirement income exemptions, local taxes, state-specific deductions, credits, and detailed take-home pay breakdowns. Click any state for the full calculation.
No Income Tax States (9 States)
Flat Rate States (14 States)
Progressive Bracket States (27 States + DC)
Frequently Asked Questions About Income Tax
Start with gross income, subtract the federal standard deduction ($15,750 single / $31,500 MFJ for 2025), apply federal brackets (10%–37%), subtract credits. Add state tax (varies by state), Social Security (6.2% up to $176,100), and Medicare (1.45%+). Your take-home is what remains. Use the calculator above for your exact figures.
Nine states have no broad-based income tax on wages: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. New Hampshire and Washington have narrow taxes (interest/dividends and capital gains respectively) but not on ordinary wages. These states fund government through sales taxes, property taxes, and other revenue sources instead.
Your marginal rate is the rate on your next dollar of income — the rate of your highest bracket. Your effective rate is your total tax divided by total income — the average rate you actually paid. A single filer at $100,000 has a 22% federal marginal rate but roughly 15% federal effective rate, because lower income is taxed at 10% and 12% first. Effective rate is always below marginal rate in a progressive system.
For single filers: 10% up to $11,925; 12% from $11,926–$48,475; 22% from $48,476–$103,350; 24% from $103,351–$197,300; 32% from $197,301–$250,525; 35% from $250,526–$626,350; 37% above $626,350. For married filing jointly, thresholds are approximately double. These apply to taxable income after the standard deduction.
California has the highest top marginal rate at 13.3% (including a 1% mental health surcharge above $1 million). Hawaii’s top rate reaches 11%, New Jersey 10.75%, Oregon 9.9%, and Minnesota 9.85%. However, these top rates only apply to high incomes. For middle-income earners, effective state rates are much lower — a $75,000 earner in California pays roughly 5% effective state rate, not 13.3%.
FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) taxes fund Social Security and Medicare. In 2025: Social Security is 6.2% on wages up to $176,100 (maximum $10,918.20/year). Medicare is 1.45% on all wages with no cap, plus 0.9% additional Medicare tax on wages above $200,000 (single) or $250,000 (MFJ). Employers match the 6.2% SS and 1.45% Medicare portions. FICA is separate from federal and state income taxes.
Tax Calculator Hub
Browse by category or jump to your state’s dedicated calculator for detailed, state-specific results.
Methodology: Federal calculations use 2025 IRS tax brackets, the standard deduction ($15,750 single / $31,500 MFJ / $23,625 HOH), Child Tax Credit, and FICA rates (6.2% SS to $176,100 wage base, 1.45% Medicare, 0.9% additional Medicare above $200k/$250k) per IRS.gov. State income tax estimates use simplified calculations based on each state’s published 2025 rates and standard deduction. State estimates do not include local income taxes, state-specific retirement income exclusions, or state credits. For accurate state-specific results including all exemptions, use the dedicated state calculator linked above. This tool provides estimates for planning purposes only. Last reviewed: June 2026.